@dred says it all about charging - laptops are generally charged with factory-approved devices designed for the batteries. If an e-cig battery blows up while charging, it's probably due to a bad, no-name charger.
But it seems like your question is also going into the battery realm as well, where we'd need to talk more about how vape batteries are used, rather than how they're charged. Because vaping requires a heavy amperage draw, we need to use "safe chemistry" batteries like IMR that can handle the strain without generating excess heat. Just because different batteries are the same size doesn't mean they perform the same, or were ever intended to be used in similar applications.
For a long time, 18650 was one of the more popular battery cells to use in lots of devices - camcorders, laptops, battery packs for cordless power tools, the list goes on. They're now being replaced by lithium polymer packs, but that's off-topic...the point is that it takes a lot less power to run a camcorder than a vape mod, but you expect that power to last longer - you want your camcorder to run for a few hours at a time, but you'd never vape for more than 5-10 seconds at once.
Most vape accidents that happen while vaping are because people take these batteries that are designed to run for a long time under a low power load and stuff them in a mod that is designed to demand high power in quick bursts. When you over-tax a battery that wasn't meant to be used this way, it creates a lot of heat. You may recall from basic science class that many compounds, including the highly-flammable electrolytes found in batteries, expand as they heat up. Since there's nowhere within the battery for this heat energy to expand to, the battery is forced to "vent," or in extreme cases (or ones that involve you using a mod with no vent holes) explode. I'm no chemist, so this is about as far as my explanation goes - hopefully I've got the basics correctly represented.
