African Revolutions and External Influences during the Long Nineteenth Century

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Africa’s long 19th century saw major political upheavals, state formation, and urban growth shaped by internal change and expanding external trade networks. From West African jihads and the Mahdist state to developments in Ethiopia, the Swahili coast, and southern Africa, new rulers and new economies reshaped the continent before colonial rule. [africanhistoryextra.com]

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